The Nigerian Dwarf goat is native to West Africa, primarily Nigeria, from which it gets its name. Historically bred for its ability to adapt to hot climates and harsh environmental conditions, this breed has also spread to other regions of the world due to its small size, docility, and suitability for milk production, particularly in North America and Europe. In its native habitat, the Nigerian Dwarf goat was a cornerstone of subsistence farming. Rural families raised these goats for their ability to feed on local vegetation, including woody plants and grasses often ignored by other animals. Their milk production, although in small quantities, was valuable to households as a source of nutrition for children and vulnerable individuals. The meat, on the other hand, was primarily used for celebrations or traditional rituals.
The Nigerian Dwarf goat is distinguished by its small size, measuring between 43 and 60 cm at the withers, with a weight ranging from 20 to 35 kg. It has a robust and well-proportioned body. Its head is relatively small, often adorned with horns in both sexes, although some individuals may be hornless. Its coat is short, shiny, and varies in color: goats may have solid coats (black, brown, white) or spotted coats with unique patterns. Its ears are upright and well-positioned, enhancing its alert and lively appearance.
This species is primarily used for milk production. Although small in size, the Nigerian Dwarf goat is known for producing rich and creamy milk, with a high fat content (4 to 6%). Additionally, it is very hardy. It is particularly resistant to diseases and adapts well to various climates, whether arid or temperate. It has a gentle and sociable temperament. This goat is often used as a pet or for educational purposes in educational farms. It is also very agile, curious, and playful, making it enjoyable to observe and raise. Unlike many other goat breeds, it thrives not only in hot and arid climates but also in temperate and even cold regions, thanks to selective breeding programs that have enhanced its hardiness traits while optimizing its milk production.
The Nigerian Dwarf goat is an early-maturing breed: females reach sexual maturity at 7 to 8 months, while males become fertile at 3 to 4 months. Their breeding cycle is short, with estrus occurring approximately every 21 days. After a gestation period of 145 to 155 days, females give birth to 1 to 4 kids. These kids are particularly vigorous at birth and develop quickly, allowing for efficient herd turnover.
The Nigerian Dwarf goat is a ruminant, meaning it has a specialized digestive system to extract nutrients from the cellulose found in plants. Its basic diet includes:
Forages : Fresh grasses, available in pastures / Legumes such as alfalfa, rich in protein and energy / Hay, particularly useful in winter or during periods of food scarcity.
Woody plants : This goat is capable of consuming branches, leaves, and shrubs, making it valuable for vegetation control, even in areas where grass is scarce.
Agricultural residues : In its native habitat, farmers often supplemented its diet with agricultural residues such as corn stalks, peanut shells, or cassava leaves.
Water plays a crucial role in the diet of the Nigerian Dwarf goat. An adult goat consumes an average of 3 to 7 liters of water per day, with increased needs during hot periods or lactation. The water must always be clean and accessible.
