The domestic donkey (Equus asinus) is descended from the African wild ass (Equus africanus), whose wild populations are still observed in the desert and semi-desert regions of East and North Africa. The domestication of the donkey dates back to around 5000 BCE, likely in Egypt or Nubia. Initially used for the transport of goods, it played a crucial role in ancient economies due to its sturdiness.
Donkeys have a morphology suited to arid and rocky terrains. Their size varies depending on the breed, ranging from 90 cm at the withers for the smallest donkeys to 160 cm for the largest. Their weight ranges from 150 to 400 kg. Their coat is typically gray, brown, or black, often with a dark cross-shaped band across the back and shoulders. The long ears, characteristic of donkeys, give them sharp hearing and enable effective thermoregulation. The long and mobile ears are one of their most iconic features. They play a crucial role in thermoregulation by dissipating heat. Donkeys are capable of detecting a wide range of sound frequencies, including those inaudible to the human ear. They can hear faint sounds and distant noises, which allows them to detect predators or other animals over long distances. This ability makes them excellent guardians for other farm animals living with them.
Donkeys are known for their endurance and their ability to survive in harsh environments. Contrary to their reputation for being “stubborn,” their behavior is actually the result of great caution in the face of danger. They are intelligent, social, and form strong bonds with their peers and their owners. Their bray, or call, can carry over long distances, which is useful for communication in open areas.
The donkey reaches sexual maturity between 2 and 3 years of age. The breeding season is influenced by the climate, although they can reproduce year-round under favorable conditions. The gestation period lasts about 12 months, and the female usually gives birth to a single offspring, called a foal. Births most often occur at night or early in the morning, times when temperatures are cooler and predators are less active. The birthing process is quick, typically lasting between 30 minutes and an hour. After birth, the foal quickly gets up, often within an hour, and begins to nurse. This ability to stand and follow its mother shortly after birth is crucial for avoiding predators. Foals are weaned at about 6 months, though strong maternal bonds may persist.
A notable aspect of donkey reproduction is their ability to hybridize with other equids. A cross between a male donkey and a mare results in a mule, while a cross between a stallion and a female donkey produces a hinny. These hybrids are generally sterile due to chromosomal differences between the parent species.
Donkeys are herbivores that primarily feed on grasses, foliage, and woody plants. In desert regions, they survive on dry and low-nutrient vegetation, thanks to their efficient digestive system that extracts maximum nutrients. In captivity, their diet consists of hay, straw, and mineral supplements. Their ability to conserve water in their bodies is a major advantage in arid environments.
